Essay about Ap Bio Notes

Essay about Ap Bio Notes Essay about Ap Bio Notes Unit 7 Gas Exchange with Animals (Ch. 42) Read 915-920 Necessary for oxygen: respiratory surface and surface area (more = more oxygen) Alveoli: surface area for the oxygen, oxygen and carbon dioxide goes in and out of the bloodstream Frogs: have lung but tiny BC the fronts can breathe through their skin and blood vessel Grasshopopers don't need a respiratory system. They have one holes throughout the body. Trachea system Counter Current Exchange system: gas exchange in gills, advantage: maximizes the oxygen of inhalation Inhalation: diaphragm contracts (moves down) Exhalation: diaphragm relaxes (moves up) CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) âž ¡ H + HCO3 (bicarbonate) Key Points interaction of organs and systems Maintaining homeostasis Common ancestry Timing and coordination of physiological events Responding to environmental cues Feedback mechanisms Disruption to homeostasis Environment I flue des expressin of genotype Gas Exchange with Plants (776-779) Guard Cells are openings where gas can enter the plant leaf. Gases need to get to the upper epidermis to produce sugar. Opening of the guard cells is called a stomate (somata); more on the bottom side of the plant. When water is low, the stamata close and strink so gases can't enter. Photosythesis: Co2 + H2O âž ¡ C6H12O6 + O2 If the stomata are on the top of the plant, the water will evaporate more. On the bottom for the leaf for water conservation Transport (Animals-p893-903) Transport/Circulation Gastrovascular Cavity: Connected area with mouth and anus as one, cell to cell diffusion Open circ. system: insects, heart acts as a pump which sloshes around this blood like fluid (hemolymph) Closed Circ. System: humans, blood is always carried around in some tube like system, enclosed, single loop/fish Double loop/amphibian with the oxygenated/deoxygenated blood (2 chambered heart) Double loop System w/ four chambered heart Atrium = receiving chamber Ventricle = pumping chamber Arteries: carries blood away from the heart Vein: carries blood to the heart Sino-Artial node Atrio-ventricular node When blood enters the capillaries, the pressure decreases. The movement changes gases and nutrients. Interstitial Fluid: movement and swelling Lymphatic System: carries body fluid, plasma, etc. Homeostatic control: Carbonic Acid (breath more), pH sensors in the aorta and brain stem Transport (Plants-p772-776) Gas exchange on both ends, water at the roots Surface Area: major surface areas and little hairs to get more water Mycorrhizae: relationship between fungi and plants, 80%, on roots Xylem cells: transport water, long dead cylinder hallow tubes, vessel elements, trachieds Phloem: carries glucose, tubes of cytoplasm, sieve-tube elements, companion/nurse cell Apoplastic: water diffuses in through the cell wall, casparian strip (wax) pathway, little membrane Symplastic: diffuses directly through the cytoplasm, openings connect to other cell walls, endodermis (filter, cell wall) Transpirational pull: evaporation of water out of the leaves, sucks water through the entire plant,adhesion and cohesion Cotransport happens by the membranes. Source-to-Sink: Water moves back to and from the xylem and phloem Digestion in Animals/Humans Food is used for energy and biosynthesis. Nutrients are needed to do biosynthesis which requires energy to make energy. Food for Energy carbs (glucose, glycogen) Fats Proteins Undernourishment: not getting enough calories Essential Nutrients four Classes of Essential Nutrients -Amino acids (8/20) -Essential fatty acids (linoleic acid) -vitamins (13) -Minerals Malnourishment: lack of essential nutrients Larger the organism : larger the BMR or metabolic rate Smaller the organism : more energy it takes to maintain life Digestive Mechanisms food vacuoles (protists) Gastrovascular cavity (mouth is mouth and anus) Alimentary canal (mou and anus) With cecums Excretion Excretion: process of removing waste